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CLINICAL NEWS FOR OUR PARTICIPATING HEALTH CARE PRACTITIONERS
Table of Contents
iExchange: Electronic Innovation
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act
Recent Literature on: Cancer, Diabetes,
Congestive Heart Failure, Coronary Artery Disease and Asthma
CareFirst Offers Oncology Patients Access to Quality Care
CareFirst's Proposed Merger With WellPoint Health Networks
Recognizing and Overcoming Inadequate Health Literacy: a
Barrier to Care
2002 MHCC HMO Report Cards Released
Magellan Behavioral Health: Postpartum Depression Program
Council for Affordable Quality Healthcare: Credentialing
iExchange: Electronic Innovation
What Is iExchange?
iExchange is a free Internet service that gives hospitals a single
access point to exchange care management data and certification status
with CareFirst BlueCross BlueShield (CareFirst), while reducing transaction
turnaround time and administrative costs. MEDecision is an independent
company that provides this innovative resource to CareFirst.
This facility-based resource requires less effort, ensures a predictable
experience and simplifies the authorization process. With this service,
hospitals can directly submit authorization transactions to CareFirst
plans and receive immediate feedback on whether the transaction meets
the business and clinical requirements necessary for approval. If the
transaction requires a CareFirst associates's involvement, the case will
pend so it can be routed to the appropriate department for proper handling.
Hospitals can also access patient eligibility and inquire about a transaction's
status post-submission.
By employing iExchange, facilities have the ability to streamline
their submission process by listing the top 10 ICD-9 codes and procedure
codes they utilize and choose the correct codes from their lists when
submitting a transaction.
iExchange supports Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act (HIPAA) compliance (see HIPAA-related article) with:
- the ability to block transactions through the Internet based on patient
request
- support for digital certificates
- 128-bit encryption
- audit trails
- password protection
- unique identifiers
- code sets
GBMC's Implementation of
iExchange
CareFirst recently piloted iExchange at the Greater Baltimore Medical
Center (GBMC).
GBMC was rated Central Maryland's "Busiest Surgical Hospital"
every year from 1995-200, which indicates that GBMC was chosen by more
patients and doctors for surgery than other hospitals during that period.
With 302 licensed beds and 1,417 physicians, the hospital is a perfect
fit for iExchange.
GBMC's implementation and utilization of iExchange illustrates
GBMC's dedication to enhance quality of service and promote excellence.
"iExchange has saved my staff time when verifying patient
eligibility and getting claims authorized," said GBMC's Director
of Patient Financial Services Kathy Anderson. "They no longer have
to fax inquiries, wait and then follow up on them. As a result, these
issues are resolved in a more timely manner."
CareFirst provides training sessions for designated users of this valuable
new service.
| Participating plans include: |
- FreeState Health Plan
- CareFirst BlueChoice
- CareFirst Maryland Indemnity
- CareFirst N.C.A. Indemnity
- CareFirst Maryland National Accounts
- CareFirst N.C.A. National Accounts
|
Sign up for this service is voluntary. For more information, contact
your Provider Service Representative.
Health Insurance Portability and Accountability
Act
The Department of Health and Human Services issued the final modifications
to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) Privacy
regulations on August 14, 2002. The modifications, which were issued eight
months before the privacy compliance deadline of April 14, 2003, provide
stronger privacy protection for patients without hindering the quality
of health care. The complete regulation can be viewed by visiting the
Office
for Civil Rights Web site.
The Privacy Rule states that patients will have increased access to their
medical records and other information used to make decisions about their
care. They will also be able to request information regarding where providers
have sent their personal information for nonroutine purposes. When you
provide information for treatment, payment and health care operations,
you will not need to track the disclosures.
The Privacy Rule applies to covered entities - health care providers
who transmit protected health information relating to covered transactions
in an electronic format, as well as health care plans and clearinghouses.
As a provider (and likely a covered entity), the Privacy Rule impacts
how you handle your patients' protected health information and requires
that you give your patients written notice of your privacy practices and
their privacy rights. The Privacy Rule applies to information that is
maintained electronically, orally or on paper.
Virtually all health care providers and businesses already have existing
processes in place to protect patients' privacy. All covered entities
have to comply with the Privacy Rule. The Privacy Rule contains a "reasonableness
standard" that permits each entity to develop policies and procedures
that fit with their work environment, allowing for the covered entity
to determine the most appropriate approach they will use to safeguard
protected health information.
Protecting the health information of individuals is important to us all.
Both member and provider contracts allow CareFirst to obtain medical records
and treatment information, and to use that information to assist CareFirst
in member education and administration of member contract benefits. Therefore,
under HIPAA, CareFirst representatives may continue to contact physicians
and facilities to request this type of information for these purposes.
Under the HIPAA Privacy Regulations, health plans and health care providers
do not need individual authorization to provide protected health
information to a business partner for treatment, payment or health care
operations. And so, requesting this information is not a violation of
the final HIPAA Privacy Rule, but rather a way to ensure timely treatment
for members and payment to institutional and professional providers rendering
the services. Below are a few examples that may help to clarify the point.
- A Quality Improvement Nurse contacts a participating physician
requesting member information during a review of chart for Health Plan
Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS) studies. The requested
information is considered health care operations and should be provided.
The state of Maryland also requires all health plans to report this
information.
- A Case Manager contacts a participating physician for a member
who is requesting Case Management services. The requested information
is necessary to complete the careplan (considered health care operations)
for the member and should be provided.
- A Utilization Review Nurse needs to review all clinical information
to approve an inpatient hospital stay for payment. The information
(considered health care operations) should be provided, and if not,
may delay payment to the facility.
In addressing this issue, we hope to clarify any questions that may arise
with respect to the HIPAA Privacy Regulation and contract requirements
related to CareFirst's request for member information. Your cooperation
is appreciated as we continue to work together for the health of our members.
Additional questions or concerns can be answered by contacting your Provider
Relations representative.
Recent Literature on: Cancer,
Diabetes, Congestive Heart Failure, Coronary Artery Disease and Asthma
Cancer
| What's Available |
Where to Find It: |
| "Screening for Colorectal Cancer",
contains these three articles related to the U.S. Preventive Services
Task Force (USPSTF) statements regarding colorectal cancer screening.
The USPSTF strongly recommends that clinicians screen all men and
women 50 or older for colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer screening
reduces death from colorectal cancer and can decrease the incidence
of disease through removal of adenomatous polyps. Several available
screening options (fecal occult blood testing [FOBT] alone or in combination
with sigmoidoscopy and colonoscopy) seem to be effective. The effectiveness
of barium enema is unclear. The single best screening approach cannot
be determined because data is insufficient. The complete USPSTF recommendation
is available also through the USPSTF
Web site or the National
Guideline Clearinghouse Web site. |
(Annals of Internal Medicine, 2002, 137:96-104
[Cost-Effectiveness]; 129-131 [Recommendation and Rationale]; 132-141
[Summary of Evidence])
www.annals.org
|
"Causes of Physician Delay in the Diagnosis
of Breast Cancer" discusses a study of 435 patients with
breast cancer. Overall, about 9% experienced physician delay in diagnosis.
When women found their own lump, delay was three times more likely
than when cancer was found by mammogram or physician examination.
Physician delay was 10 times more likely for women with a benign mammography
report. Misinterpretation of mammograms caused delays in 7% of cases.
All palpable breast masses should undergo tissue sampling by fine-needle
aspiration (FNA), performed by a physician experienced in the procedure.
|
(Archives of Internal Medicine, 2002, 162:1343-1348)
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/
|
| "Making Good Decisions about Breast Cancer Chemoprevention"
(editorial) is an excellent brief review of the current status
of knowledge of this difficult topic. |
(Annals of Internal Medicine, 2002, 137:52-53)
www.annals.org
|
| These two articles, regarding "Chemoprevention
of Breast Cancer", from the U.S. Preventive Services Task
Force (USPSTF) discuss the reduction in incidence of estrogen receptor-positive
breast cancer in women. They caution that, while the relative risk
reduction appears similar across all breast cancer risk groups, the
absolute risk reduction varies by risk factors for breast cancer and
must be balanced against the potential harms of chemoprevention (See
editorial cited above, in the same issue). |
(Annals of Internal Medicine, 2002, 137:56-58
[Recommendations and Rationale]; 59-67 [Summary of Evidence]
www.annals.org
|
Diabetes
| What's Available |
Where to Find It: |
| "Diabetes and Atherosclerosis - Epidemiology, Pathophysiology
and Management" is an excellent review of the many abnormalities
that are simultaneously present in a patient with diabetes: coronary
artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, cerebrovascular disease,
dyslipidemia, hypertension, endothelial cell dysfunction, vascular
smooth muscle dysfunction, impaired platelet function and abnormal
coagulation and their management. Many PCPs have not yet adopted the
evidence-based management strategies directed at the macrovascular,
as well as the microvascular, complications of diabetes. Understanding
atherosclerosis in diabetes and starting treatment guided by emerging
evidence should improve outcomes in patients. The evidence supports
aggressive management begun at the time of diagnosis of type 2 diabetes
to minimize the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. |
(Journal of the American Medical Association, 2002, 287:2570-2581)
http://jama.ama-assn.org/
|
| "Control of Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Patients with
Diabetes and Hypertension at Urban Academic Medical Centers"
reports that of 1,372 active clinic patients with diabetes and hypertension,
90.9% had type 2 diabetes; 26.7% met the target blood pressure of
</= 130/85 mmHg; 35.5% met the LDL goal of </= 100 mg/dl; 26.7%
had an HbA1C of </= 7%; and 45.6% were on antiplatelet therapy.
Only 3.2% of patients met the combined ADA goals for BP, LDL, and
HbA1C. |
(Diabetes Care, 2002, 25:718-723)
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/
|
| "The Prevention or Delay of Type 2 Diabetes" says
there is now substantial evidence that type 2 diabetes can be prevented
or delayed. All physicians should encourage behavior changes to achieve
a healthy lifestyle, specifically modest weight loss and increased
physical activity. |
(Diabetes Care, 2002, 25: 742-749)
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/
|
Congestive Heart Failure
| What's Available |
Where to Find It: |
| Three natriuretic hormones are produced by the heart
in response to increased cardiac filling pressures and increased shear
stress. A-type natriuretic peptide is produced by the atrial myocardium,
B-type by the ventricular myocardium and C-type by the vascular tree
endothelial cells. The effects of these peptides include decreased
peripheral vascular resistance, increased natriuresis and diuresis
and suppression of the renin-angiotensin system. "Rapid Measurement
of B-Type Natriuretic Peptide in the Emergency Diagnosis of Heart
Failure" confirms the value of B-type natriuretic peptide
in the diagnosis of congestive heart failure (CHF) and the relationship
of its concentration in the blood and the severity of the CHF. The
test can confirm the diagnosis of CHF, but only in conjunction with
an appropriate history and a careful physical examination. |
(New England Journal of Medicine, 2002, 347;
161-167)
http://content.nejm.org/
|
| There is ample evidence of the underutilization
of ACE inhibitors (approximately 50%) in spite of many studies documenting
their life-saving effects in diabetes, coronary artery disease, congestive
heart failure and renal disease. "Using ACE Inhibitors Appropriately"
is a very helpful review of the indications for and the outcomes
of the use of ACE inhibitors. |
(American Family Physician, 2002, 66:461-468)
www.aafp.org/
|
Coronary Artery Disease
| What's Available |
Where to Find It: |
| "Decision Making with Cardiac Troponin Tests"
discusses the normal and pathologic physiology of the cardiac troponins.
Myocardial microinfarction can produce elevations of cardiac troponin
T and I that are not associated with elevations of CPK-MB or with
elevations of the ST-segment on ECG. These patients are at four times
the risk for death or nonfatal MI as patients with a negative troponin
test. In addition, the degree of elevation of troponin provides prognostic
information. |
(New England Journal of Medicine, 2002, 346:2079-2082)
http://content.nejm.org/
|
| Fluvastatin treatment significantly reduces the risk
of major adverse cardiac events in patients with average cholesterol
levels undergoing their first successful PCI. The editorial, "Fluvastatin
for Prevention of Cardiac Events Following Successful First Percutaneous
Coronary Intervention" reviews the evidence for statins having
"distant tissue" effects on bone formation, insulin sensitivity,
endothelial and vasomotor function, smooth muscle cell proliferation,
modulation of inflammatory responses and others. |
(Journal of the American Medical Association,
2002, 287:3215-3222 and editorial comment 3259-3261)
http://jama.ama-assn.org
|
| The younger elderly, 65-74, are often healthy otherwise
and the statins should be used, even for primary prevention, when
indicated. In the older elderly, 75 and older, for whom cholesterol
reduction is recommended, "Statin Therapy in Older Persons"
documents decreased risk of cardiovascular events with statin use.
Caution in the use of statins is needed since persons in this age
group often have many of the risk factors for statin-induced myopathy
(impaired drug metabolism, multiple drugs, mutisystem disease, more
women of low-body weight and more frequent surgical procedures). |
(Archives of Internal Medicine, 2002, 162:1329-1331
[editorial], and 1395-1399 [article])
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/
|
Congestive Heart Failure
| What's Available |
Where to Find It: |
| "Pediatric Asthma" is an excellent
review article from the Johns Hopkins Hospital on the modern management
of pediatric asthma. |
(Journal of the American Medical Association,
2002, 288:745-747)
http://jama.ama-assn.org |
| "Asthma in Older Patients" states the
prevalence of asthma is 5%-9% in persons 65 and older. The death rate
from asthma is 14 times higher in this age group. Of approximately
5,500 deaths from asthma in the US, about 2,900 (54%) were among people
65 and older. |
(Archives of Intern Medicine, 2002, 162:1123-1132)
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/
|
| "Environmental Control of Allergic Diseases"
says allergic diseases (asthma, allergic rhinitis and eczema)
affect 38 million persons in the United States and account for 20
million visits to doctors' offices each year. In 1998, asthma was
related to the deaths of 5,438 people. A major component of managing
and possibly preventing these diseases is control of environmental
allergens. |
(American Family Physician, 2002, 66:421-426)
www.aafp.org/
|
| "Low-Dose Inhaled Corticosteroid Therapy and
Risk of Emergency Department Visits for Asthma" maintains
that the use of low-dose inhaled corticosteroids after an ER visit
for asthma is associated with a significant reduction of about 45%
in the risk of subsequent ER visits over a two-year period. In asthma
patients, inhaled corticosteroids increase lung function, decrease
airway hyperresponsiveness, reduce the need for rescue brochodilators
and improve asthma symptoms. |
(Archives of Intern Medicine, 2002, 162:1591-1595)
http://archinte.ama-assn.org/
|
CareFirst Offers Oncology Patients
Access to Quality Care
As one of the region's top health insurers, CareFirst has an opportunity
to predict and plan for changes in care given to members. In the area
of cancer care and treatment, some new research can completely change
the way certain patients are treated.
A recent case is the new drug STI571 (imitinib mesylate), which has improved
both the management of and complete response rate for some patients with
chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML).
Some diseases benefit from new use of older medicines. CareFirst anticipates
these changes and assures that the delivery system is managed to deliver
the new regimens. The patients then get the best treatment at the best
time in the most appropriate setting.
For example, in May 2002, the annual meeting of the American Society
of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) highlighted research on the treatment of colon
cancer. Outcomes for 795 patients with advanced colorectal cancer were
studied by a consortium of large cooperative cancer researchers, including
the Southwest Oncology Group, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, and
the Cancer and Leukemia Group B. One finding in the preliminary report
was that a new drug, oxaliplatin, is effective.
"Another take home message from this study, in my opinion, is the
enforcement of the infusion 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) approach," said
Dr. Leonard Saltz, the named researcher of the Saltz Regimen, formerly
the standard chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer. "Although
these data don't compel us to use oxaliplatin first line, they give us
the option. The data also indicate that regardless of the second drug
we use, we should use the 5-flourouracil as a continuous 48-hour IV infusion,
instead of the short injections American oncologists have used."
We at CareFirst observed these developments and assessed our readiness.
In a check of our data, we observed that of 600,000 members, few cancer
patients were being treated with the 48-hour 5-FU infusion either at home
or in an inpatient setting. Some may have been getting extended 5-FU infusions
from the medical oncologist office, but that did not appear to be the
norm.
Would our home care delivery system be ready if, for the patient's benefit,
these 48-hour 5-FU infusions were used more frequently?
CareFirst did an assessment of our largest infusion provider, Neighborcare.
Neighborcare has 24-hour coverage, frequent delivery ability, (until 2:30
a.m., if necessary) and coverage of almost all the CareFirst area.
Each cancer patient has an assigned team that would meet weekly to make
sure the patient's care is proceeding well. Each team includes a pharmacist
and nurse for each patient. In addition, the manager in charge of homecare
is an experienced cancer nurse.
CareFirst is excited when research uncovers better ways to treat patients.
We have a high-quality alternative to hospitalization for most patients
needing 48-hour 5-flourouracil. We expect some oncologists to develop
other outpatient strategies, but CareFirst is ready to assist and facilitate
the best outcomes for our members with advanced colorectal cancer.
CareFirst's Proposed Merger With WellPoint
Health Networks
One question being asked by regulators in Delaware, Maryland and Washington,
D.C. as they examine the proposed merger of CareFirst and WellPoint Health
Networks is - why WellPoint?
CareFirst's management and board of directors conducted a thorough, deliberate
process before reaching a definitive agreement in November 2001 to be
acquired by WellPoint
Health Networks (WellPoint). In the months leading to the agreement,
CareFirst narrowed its potential partners to WellPoint and Trigon - a
Virginia-based for-profit Blues plan (Trigon has since been acquired by
Anthem, Inc). CareFirst's decision was based on finding the partner with
the best "fit" - philosophically, strategically and financially.
Philosophy
Understanding the philosophy of a potential partner was critical in CareFirst's
selection process. Through discussions with WellPoint, it became clear
that the company shared CareFirst's philosophy of concern for its employees,
a commitment to local corporate citizenship and an understanding of the
need for local decision-making on health care issues. As WellPoint CEO
Leonard D. Schaeffer made clear in testimony filed with the Maryland Insurance
Commissioner, it's the local health plan that has "…established long-term
relationships with the hospitals, physicians and other professionals…with
a vested interest in the health of the local population." WellPoint
also has a history of establishing local physician advisory committees
to maintain and strengthen the connection between local providers and
the company. The company's commitment to preserving CareFirst's local
operations means that providers would continue to work with the local
CareFirst staff that they work with today.
Strategy
Business strategy and success is also a major factor in selecting a partner.
To ensure a smooth transition for providers, members and customers, CareFirst
sought a partner with a track record of successfully bringing together
companies. WellPoint has done just that with Blues plans in Missouri and
Georgia. In addition, WellPoint offered an organizational structure that
made sense - one that called for continued local leadership and establishment
in Maryland of a new Southeast regional headquarters for WellPoint.
Finances
CareFirst worked diligently to find a partner capable of offering a fair
price for CareFirst. In the end, WellPoint and Trigon both offered $1.3
billion for the company - a price that was in keeping with independent
evaluations done for CareFirst. Just as importantly, CareFirst wanted
a partner with the financial resources necessary to make investments in
technology, products and services that will allow us to more efficiently
work with providers and serve our members better. With more than 12 million
members and $12.4 billion in revenue, WellPoint has the stability and
strength necessary to make necessary investments in CareFirst's future.
These factors and others made it clear that WellPoint was the best "fit"
and the best partner to help CareFirst carry forward the Blue tradition
in Delaware, Maryland and DC.
Recognizing and Overcoming Inadequate
Health Literacy: a Barrier to Care
Reprinted from the May 2002 edition of the Cleveland
Clinic Journal of Medicine
By Mark V. Williams, M.D., Director, Hospital Medicine Unit, Emory University
School of Medicine, Atlanta
"[The] new civil right in today's society is literacy…Imagine
that in the greatest, wealthiest nation in the world, seven out of 10
fourth-graders in big cities and rural areas cannot read…It is our greatest
failure as a nation. It is our failure as a people." -Rod Paige,
Secretary, U.S. Department of Education
A shocking number of patients cannot participate effectively in their
own care for the simple reason that they cannot read adequately.
Compounding the problem, we physicians speak a specialized language ("medicalese")
that is often unintelligible to outsiders. Moreover, many patients are
expert at concealing their poor literacy skills.
Inadequate health literacy has measurable ill effects on health. Given
the increasing complexity of health care, which requires increased involvement
of patients, we need to address this common but underappreciated problem
and find ways to communicate with patients more effectively.
Good Communication is Vital
Good communication between physician and patient is a cornerstone of
good health care.
Yet, many patients have difficulty understanding their doctors' instructions.
Even immediately after leaving the physician's office or the hospital,
patients may recall no more than 50% of the important information just
given to them.
Furthermore, communication between physician and patient is becoming
more difficult as health care becomes more complex. For example, 30 years
ago there were only about 650 prescription drugs, and the average hospital
stay for acute myocardial infarction was four to six weeks; today there
more than 10,000 prescription drugs, and a hospital stay for acute myocardial
infarction is typically two to four days.
In addition, with the increasing prevalence of chronic conditions such
as diabetes, high blood pressure and congestive heart failure, patients
are required to know how to manage their own health care outside the clinic
and hospital.
One-Fourth of Americans are Functionally
Illiterate
In 1991, Congress defined literacy as "an individual's ability to
read, write and speak in English, and compute and solve problems at levels
of proficiency necessary to function on the job and in society, to achieve
one's goals, and develop one's knowledge and potential."1
By this definition, millions of people living in the United States are
functionally illiterate.
According to the National Adult Literacy Survey (NALS), roughly one fourth
of adults in the United States may lack the necessary skills to function
adequately in modern society.2 These people come
from all types of backgrounds; however, functionally illiterate adults
are more likely to be older, poorer, less educated and have more health
problems.
Health literacy is even lower
An individual's health literacy-- "the degree to which individuals
have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information
and services needed to make appropriate health decisions"-- may be
significantly worse than his or her general literacy, because functional
literacy is context-specific.
The language of medicine is highly technical, and outsiders may not understand
it. Gibbs et al.3 reported a large variation among
patients in their ability to comprehend commonly used medical terms: only
13% of the 125 participating patients understood the meaning of "terminal,"
35% understood "orally," and 18% understood "malignant."
Other studies reported low comprehension in other critical areas of good
health care, such as understanding written directions for taking medications,
understanding clinical appointment slips, and informed consent forms.
In a study of Medicare patients, Gazmararian et al4 found that:
- 48% did not understand the written instructions "take medicine
every 6 hours"
- 68% could not interpret a blood sugar value
- 27% could not identify their next appointment
- 27% did not understand "take medicine on an empty stomach"
(instructions written at fourth grade level)
- 100% could not understand a statement of Medicaid rights (written
at a 10th grade level)
We tested more than 2,500 patients at two public hospitals and found
that 35% of
English-speaking patients and 62% of Spanish-speaking patients had inadequate
or marginal health literacy.
Patients over 60 years old have a particularly high prevalence of inadequate
health literacy-- more than 80% at one of the public hospitals.
Physicians are often unaware that patients do not understand them. Patients,
on their part, often feel shame over their lack of literacy skills and
most often will not acknowledge this deficiency despite its interference
with their care.6
Inadequate Health Literacy is Bad
for Patient Health
A number of studies showed that inadequate health literacy has measurable
adverse effects on patients' health. Among low-income patients with prostate
cancer7, those with low literacy tended to be diagnosed
later in the course of the disease, regardless of race.
Low health literacy has also been highly correlated with excessive hospitalization8,
which may suggest decreased knowledge of self-care, reduced compliance
and less ability to negotiate the health care system in people with marginal
literacy.
Treatment compliance is yet another area affected by literacy skills.
A study that looked at the significance of health literacy to other predictors
of compliance to treatment for HIV and AIDS found that education and health
literacy were significant independent predictors of adherence to treatment.9
Inadequate health literacy is estimated to cost the health care system
from $30 billion to $73 billion annually.10
Recognizing Inadequate Health Literacy
You may not know that your patient has inadequate or marginal health
literacy. The patient's level of education does not guarantee that he
or she can read. A study in five family practice clinics found that over
60% of patients tested had a reading skill that was at least three levels
below the school grade they completed.11 In the
large Medicare survey previously described, 27% of the patients who had
a high school diploma and 17% of those who had some college education
had inadequate or marginal health literacy.4
To help identify patients with low literacy skills, we developed the
Test of Functional
Health Literacy in Adults (TOFHLA).12 Available
in English and Spanish, the test uses common materials in the health setting
that require reading skills (e.g., pill bottles, standardized appointment
slips, instructions for upper gastrointestinal preparation) and grades
a patient's comprehension on a scale of 0 to 100. Patients who score lower
than 60 points are considered to have inadequate health literacy, and
often misread dosing instructions and appointment slips.
Clues that a patient may have inadequate health literacy include bringing
a family member to the clinic visit or wanting to discuss materials with
family, claims of forgetting reading glasses, or incompletely or inadequately
filling out forms.
Toward Better Communication
Physicians can improve their communication with patients with low literacy
skills by learning to recognize the particular ways in which these patients
deal with communication.
Patients with low literacy skills tend to interpret words literally (e.g.,
thinking hypertension means "being hyper") and often have difficulty
identifying key concepts (or prioritizing or distinguishing them from
minor details). This difficulty with language is the most frequent area
of miscommunication between physician and patient. Several types of words
that physicians commonly use are difficult for these patients to comprehend,
such as words denoting concepts (e.g., normal range), categories (e.g.,
ACE inhibitors), or value (e.g., excessive bleeding).
Another area of miscommunication is related to the lack of training in
science and medicine in most patients, which can lead to logic problems.
This problem can be particularly exacerbated in patients with low literacy
skills because of their tendency not to acknowledge when they don't understand
something.
For example, it may seem logical to patients to stop a 10-day course
of antibiotics once they feel better, even though they've been instructed
to take the full course. Physicians understand the science and medical
implications of stopping antibiotics mid-course, but this is not clear
to many patients (even those with higher levels of literacy).
Ways to improve health literacy include simplifying or clarifying patient
education materials, with particular focus on the use of visual aids such
as videos, pictographs and cartoons. Studies show that visual aids improve
comprehension, compliance and retention.13-15 Physician
involvement in delivering these materials and educating the patient are
critical for enhancing health literacy.
Including family and friends in helping deliver health information is
also important,
as patients with inadequate health literacy often go first to people they
know for explanation.
Table 1 lists a number of key points to help enhance health literacy
in the clinical setting. To help educate physicians on health literacy,
the American
Medical Association's Foundation has launched an initiative in this
area.
| Table 1: Ways to Improve Understanding
in Patients with Low Health Literacy |
| Slow down |
Take time to assess patients' health literacy skills |
| Use "living room" language instead of medical
terminology |
Use language that patients can understand |
| Show or draw pictures |
Visual aids enhance understanding and subsequent recall |
| Limit information given at each interaction and repeat
instructions |
| Use a "teach back" or "show me"
approach to confirm understanding |
Ask patients to demonstrate their instructions to ensure
they understand. Never ask "do you understand?" Typically,
patients will say yes even if they don't understand |
| Be respectful, caring and sensitive |
This attitude reassures patients and helps them to improve
participation in their own health care |
References
1. National Literacy Act, 20 USC Section 1201 (1991).
2. Kirsch I, Jungeblut A, Jenkins L, Kolstad A. Adult literacy in America:
at first look at the findings of the National Adult Literacy Survey.
Washington, DC: National Center for Education Statistics, US Dept of Education;
1993.
3. Gibbs R, Gibbs P, Henrich J. Patient understanding of commonly used
medical vocabulary. J Fam Pract 1987; 25:176-178.
4. Gazmararian JA, Baker DW, Williams MV, et al. Health literacy among
Medicare enrollees in a managed care organization. JAMA 1999; 281:545-551.
5. Williams MV, Parker RM, Baker DW, et al. Inadequate functional health
literacy among patients at two public hospitals. JAMA 1995;
274:1677-1682.
6. Parikh NS, Parker RM, Nurss JR, Baker DW, Williams MV. Shame and health
literacy: the unspoken connection. Patient Educ Couns 1996; 27:33-39.
7. Bennett CL, Ferreira MR, Davis TC, et al. Relation between literacy,
race, and stage of presentation among low-income patients with prostate
cancer. J Clin Oncol 1998; 16:3101-3104.
8. Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, Clark WS. Health literacy and the
risk of hospital admission. J Gen Intern Med 1998; 13:851-851.
9. Kalichman SC, Ramachandran B, Catz S. Adherence to combination antiretroviral
therapies in HIV patients of low health literacy. J Gen Intern Med 1999;14:267-73.
10. Friedland R. Understanding health literacy: new estimates of the costs
of inadequate health literacy. Presented at the 3rd Annual Health Literacy
Conference on Health Literacy. 1998.
11. Davis TC, Mayeaux EJ, Fredrickson D, Bocchini JA, Jackson RH, Murphy
RW. Reading ability of parents compared with reading level of pediatric
patient education materials. Pediatrics 1994; 93:460-468.
12. Parker RM, Baker DW, Williams MV, Nurss JR. The test of functional
health literacy in adults: a new instrument for measuring patients' literacy
skills. J Gen Intern Med 1995; 10:537-541.
13. Houts P, Bachrach R, Witmer J, Tringali C, Bucher J, Localio F. Using
pictographs to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions. Patient
Educ Couns 1998; 35:83-88.
14. Houts PS, Witmer JT, Egeth HE, Loscalzo MJ, Zabora JR. Using pictographs
to enhance recall of spoken medical instructions II. Patient Educ Couns
2001; 43:231-242.
15. Jacobson TA, Thomas DM, Morton FJ, Offutt G, Shevlin J, Ray S. Use
of a low-literacy patient education tool to enhance pneumococcal vaccination
rates. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1999;
282:646-650.
Suggested Reading
Baker DW, Parker RM, Williams MV, et al. The health
care experience of patients with low literacy. Arch Fam Med 1996; 5:329-334.
Council on Scientific Affairs for the American Medical Association. Health
literacy. Report of the AMA Council on Scientific Affairs. JAMA 1999;
281:552-557.
Williams MV, Baker DW, Honig EG, Lee TM, Nowlan A. Inadequate
literacy is a barrier to asthma knowledge and self-care. Chest 1998; 114:1008-1015.
Williams MV, Baker DW, Parker RM, Nurss JR. Relationship
of functional health literacy to patients' knowledge of their chronic
disease: a study of patients with hypertension or diabetes. Arch Intern
Med 1998; 158:166-172.
2002
MHCC HMO Report Cards Released
The Maryland Health Care Commission (MHCC) recently released its annual
guide for consumers on the performance of nine Maryland Health Maintenance
Organizations (HMOs). The MHCC report card rates each of the Maryland
HMOs on:
- Frequency members obtain preventive and wellness services
- Member satisfaction with the health care they receive
- How customers feel about their health plan
Report card results are based on the Consumer Assessment of Health Plans
Survey (CAHPS) and clinical data from Health Plan Employer Data Information
Set (HEDIS) audits. The report card, The 2002 Consumer Guide to Maryland
HMOs & POS Plans, is published in its entirety by MHCC and is
available at www.mhcc.state.md.us
or by calling the Commission at 877-245-1762. CareFirst BlueChoice
(BlueChoice) submitted data for the 2002 MHCC report card.
BlueChoice's performance was rated above average or average in 21 of
the 34 MHCC categories. Above average performances were demonstrated in
well-child visits for infants/children and comprehensive diabetes care.
The health plan was named "Star Performer" for better-than-average
performance over several years in the well-child visits for infants/children.
The major improvements are as follows:
- 59% - Adult diabetic members' cholesterol control (47% in 2001).
- 83% - Cholesterol testing rate (76% in 2001).
- 54% - Controlling high blood pressure rate (38% in 2001).
- 28% - Adolescent immunizations, a combination of MMR, Hepatitis
B and Varicella, (21% in 2001).
While acknowledging these improvements, BlueChoice continues to evaluate
and implement new processes to improve care and services for its members
and is committed to exploring additional initiatives to improve member
satisfaction.
The National Committee for Quality Assurance (NCQA) also publishes HEDIS
results and compares many HMOs on a national and regional basis in The
State of Health Care Quality 2002, available at www.ncqa.org.
Magellan Behavioral Health: Postpartum
Depression Program
About 70 - 80% of women with newborns experience a self-limited period
of depression three to four days after delivery. Most women experience
mood swings after the birth of their baby. Yet when feelings of depression
overwhelm a new mother and she can't function well by her second week,
there is serious cause for concern.
Unrelenting postpartum depression occurs in about 10-15% of new mothers.
This is an under-detected subset of depression. Some risk factors for
postpartum depression include a history of depression or anxiety, stressful
life events and an unsupportive environment. The dramatic neuroendocrine
changes that occur in women after delivery play an important etiological
role in postpartum mood disorder. The presence of depression in a pregnant
woman is still the strongest predictor of postpartum illness.
Initiative
Clinicians and members have identified postpartum women as an important
population to offer services that meet their special needs. As a result,
CareFirst BlueChoice, Inc. (BlueChoice) and FreeState Health Plan, Inc.
(FreeState), in collaboration with Magellan Behavioral Health, have introduced
a postpartum depression-screening program for new mothers enrolled in
their health plans.
Since December 2001, new mothers have been mailed a packet of materials
from Magellan within three weeks of delivery. These materials have been
created to educate new mothers about symptoms of postpartum depression
and screen for possible symptoms using the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression
Scale. A Magellan care manager contacts new mothers who screen positive.
The care manager further evaluates the new mother and offers resources
to assist her as appropriate. Members who accept a referral for treatment
are contacted after their initial appointment and at three and six months
after delivery to assess their treatment outcomes and offer additional
assistance as needed.
From December 2001 through August 2002, 616 mailing packets were sent
to new mothers. Ten percent of new mothers returned the depression screen
with 13% scoring positive for symptoms of depression. This is consistent
with estimates of postpartum depression cited in the scientific literature.
Twenty-five percent of these members accepted a referral for treatment,
however, no members kept their first appointment. Magellan, BlueChoice
and FreeState have worked together to accelerate contact with new mothers
as soon after delivery as possible to increase the response rate.
Additionally, Magellan has lowered the threshold for a positive score
based upon recent recommendations published in The New England Journal
of Medicine. Magellan continues to analyze barriers to members following
through with a referral for treatment and will implement changes to the
program as appropriate.
Practitioners may assist with this program by encouraging women who have
recently given birth to be alert to symptoms of postpartum depression
and encourage new mothers to seek treatment.
Council for Affordable Quality Healthcare:
Credentialing
CareFirst and its Council for Affordable Quality Healthcare (CAQH) colleagues
continuously seek to improve the health care experience for consumers
and physicians.
If you are a M.D., D.O., D.D.S., D.M.D., podiatrist or chiropractor in
Washington, D.C., Maryland or Virginia, you now have access to the CAQH
Universal Credentialing Datasource system, which streamlines the credentialing
process.
CAQH's system pulls together and organizes comprehensive data from more
than 600,000 providers nationwide, so eligible providers can avoid redundant
submission of licensing, educational and practice information to participating
health plans and health care organizations. Only one completed application
per provider is needed.
CAQH Universal Credentialing Datasource is compliant with the Uniform
Application Form regulations and streamlines the data collection and submission
process into a web-enabled system that satisfies the credentialing requirements
of participating health plans.
CareFirst encourages eligible providers to take advantage of this initiative.
"We can simplify what has long been a tedious and repetitive administrative
task; CAQH is improving the credentialing data collection process for
not only health care providers, but for health plans and hospitals too,"
said Dave Wolf, Executive Vice President of Medical Systems and Corporate
Development for CareFirst.
CareFirst will continue to perform data verification and review, as well
as make independent decisions about whether a provider meets the standards
for participation.
There is no cost to providers who submit applications and use the CAQH
Universal Credentialing Datasource. If you are interested in using CAQH's
Universal Credentialing Datasource, call CareFirst's Provider Information
and Credentialing Department at 410-872-3500, or call toll-free
at 877-269-9593. You will then receive a user ID that will allow
access to the application on CAQH's
Credentialing Web site.
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If you have already completed
the application through another CAQH member insurance company, please
contact CareFirst's Provider Information and Credentialing Department
so that CareFirst can add your name to the roster and access your
information on CAQH's database.
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